Recruitment and Selection: Analytical Report

Recruitment and Selection: Analytical Report Grimshaw (2009, pg no 7) claims that bringing person or persons into the organisation is called Recruitment. It begins with the declaration to recruit continue through to the induction and settlement of the new employees. The action of adjudicating between groups of one or more applicants who is more appropriate for a particular job is called Selection. Edwin, B. Flippo. 1980. The Personal Management. The action or process of exploring the applicants for employment and activating them to assign for jobs in the organisation is called Recruitment. Recruitment and selection designates the consecution and arrangement of activities affecting to recruitment and selection of employable applicants and job holders for an organization The main aim of recruiting and selection is to get qualified employees who are suitable into the culture of the organization. According to Erich and Leonard 2009 in his recent study it was found that an appropriate Job analysis is the base of all other human resources functions. If we dont properly understand the nature, attributes of the job, we cannot hire the proper candidates for that specific job. While recruiting candidates an organization should keep in mind about the worthiness and quality of that specific position of the job holder. They should be trained after recruitment; organization should provide guidelines, arrange some development programs for the better criteria. It should begin with a proper job analysis. (Erich and Leonard 2009) JOB ANALYSIS A recent study (Hartley 1999) found that an organised and efficient process for gathering, collecting and examining the information about jobs is Job analysis. The collection of information about the duties, responsibilities, necessary skills, outcomes, and work environment of a specific job can also be called Job analysis. It accommodates the basis for a job description, which access decisions on recruitment, training, streamlined efficient and rewards systems. There is no point for hiring people unless we know what we are hiring them for. The main aim of recruiting job analysis is to adapt job description and job specification which helps to hire good quality of work force into the organization. The management of a business need to conclude what sort of work need to be done. Job analysis is a key part of this need. COMPRISES OF JOB ANALYSIS Job analysis would commonly contain: Nature What is the job and how should it recounts to the business? Purpose Engagement and Commitment in the organization. Duties and Accountabilities Achievements and Outcomes that the Job holder capable for. Performance criteria Measurement of Job holders Performance. Resource requirements Like Equipment, Location or Entrepreneur. While recruiting; organisation should mention the above criteria for the Job holders so that the candidates should consider the aim, purpose, liabilities, responsibilities, duties thoroughly and deeply. Example: In AIRLINES the air hostess job is to look after and provide good quality of services towards their passengers. The criteria of this organisation are not high enough. Those candidates are given first priority whose communication is good, who are soft spoken, look smart and descend, have good behaviour and etc, because it is all about customer care services. If the air hostess looks good and if she/he speaks gently, the passenger will automatically be persuaded and that is how the good reputation of the company or organisation can be made and more possible good outcomes could be achieved. As it is said that: First impression is the last impression. While recruiting; an air line also looks that the candidates should not be short tempered. These are the basic demands for hiring candidates in an air line. If the candidates are able to meet these standards; they will be appointed. We can take another good example about army recruitment and selection. The Gurkha recruiting process is one of the toughest of any Army in the world. Their soldiers are selected from amongst many thousands of hopeful applicants.  Gurkha soldiers tour around the remote villages of Nepal conducting the initial screening tests. Every applicant must meet the certain standards of education, fitness and health. If successful, they will be called to attend the next step. Retired Gurkha Officers hold a number of selection days across the country. Every recruit has to give his best and has to take the maths exam in order to qualify for the next level. The criteria are quite high enough, and no weaknesses are accepted. All who make it through this stage are good enough to be soldiers in the British Army, but very few are able to make it. Central selection is that process where those applicants are selected who has passed previous stages. This is the last and final hurdle for the candidates. In Bokhara, Western Nepal the candidates have to report recruiting depot and spend 2 weeks being put through their paces. Doko race is the most hardest and gruelling assessment. Candidates has to complete a 2 mile race up a near vertical hill carrying 35kg of rocks in a basket, the weight borne by the traditional Nepalese carrying strap across the forehead, due to which their stamina and potential can be checked out and it should be completed within 20 mints. All the candidates should have passed the Nepalese School Leaving Certificate, equivalent to between GCSE and A-Level standard in the UK.  If successful, the will be taken to Catterick in North Yorkshire to undergo training in the Gurkha Wing of the Infantry Training Centre. In his 8 months training, the new soldier will not only learn military skills, but will also pass English language exams.   After passing all these training, he can feel proud what he has achieved, but he will have to work harder and harder to live for his reputation that his forefathers have built. (Gurkha soldiers recruitment) ESTABLISHING GOOD AND EFFECTIVE HIRING POLICY: According to Kumar and Sharma (2000) in their research, an employers recruitment and selection practices look to ensure and most capable for job holders. Job analysis information helps job holders to achieve those aims and goals by ensuring selection criteria, such as the knowledge, skills, accountabilities and capabilities needed to perform a job successfully. Policies should be flexible in order to make good and efficient hiring practice. Job title, duties, responsibilities tasks are very essential contents. Targets and performances standard that the job holder is required to accomplish for the benefits of an organization. An organizational managers and human resource (HR) can use these information to choose or to develop adapt selection devices for instance interview, questions and tests. This approach to selection legally required. Job Description: Kleynhans, Ronel. 2006. Human Resource Management. Job description can be used to create some advertisements to recruit new employees and should give them some extra information about the job. The recruiter has to know the qualifications, skills or knowledge that the candidates need to perform that specific job. Without giving any information, an organisation would have to recruit and select, employees without any clear guidelines, and this could have given very bad results for the employees and the organisation. Advantages of Job Description: Clark. M, Marjorie. 2008. The Job Description Handbook. Job description accepts various numbers of some other considerable purposes. It discloses expectations and allows employees know what it catches to exceed in their jobs. Grant, C. Philip.1989. Multiple uses Job Descriptions: a guide to analysis, preparationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is a communication tool. If it is well prepared, it will give you a great deal about a job. Relevant information could be used in every human resource management and beyond the bounds. It will help the employees, their fellow workers, their bosses and people outside the organisation. If it is well described and prepared, will provide these people with a logical, laconic and accurate frame work. It mainly accommodates duties, aim, purpose, motives, responsibilities, vision, and working postures of a job along with a jobs title. A job description could also be used as a job indicator for candidates for a job. It can also be used as a guideline for an employee for the responsibility and duty within the organisation and the main aim and purpose of a job description is to have tracing an object of duties, sinsererities, and responsibilities to make the adumbrating action as direct and focused as possible. Job description may have the following contents: Responsibilities/roles can be improved by providing facilities to the members of the organisation. Empowering career moves within the organisation. Function of the assurance of the amount to pay. Specification of the job owner should be boosted comprehensively. While recruiting jobs into the market above standards could be the main elements for the job description. Job Specification: Kleynhans, Ronel. 2006. Human Resource Management. Credentials having minimum acceptable qualification that person should have to perform particular job. The concept of the job specification is derived from the job analysis. Educational requirements, personality traits or characteristics, experience, vision and physical abilities are included in Job specification. The candidates must have specific skills, capabilities, in order to fulfill the desired tasks of a position given by an organisation. A person specification can be outlined by the educational or institutional concerns, specialized training experience as well as more personal qualifications that an applicant must obtain. Heron, Robert. 2005. Job and work analysis: Guidelines or identifying jobs for persons withà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ According to him, the productive placement in employment of job finders with disabilities associates making the best possible match between qualifications, interest, assurance, expectations and the requirements of enterprises, attested in the job descriptions and job specifications for particular vacancies. The job placements process needs detailed job description for each vacancy and a depicted job specification defining the general and particular concerns for every vacancy. Both the job description and job specification are depended on job analysis. Without good quality job analysis the description of job favourable circumstances will be ambiguous than absolute, general rather than specific, broad rather than detailed. Job specification specifies the qualities much needed in a job incumbent for the efficient and effective performance of the job. According to MUNRO FRASER, he gave some 5 useful points regarding recruitment and selection which are as under: The Frazer 5 Points Impact on others or the kind of acknowledge a persons manifest, speech and manner calls out from others. Qualifications and experience the skills, capabilities and knowledge required for different jobs. Innate abilities how immediately and accurately a persons mind works. Motivation The kind of work that demands to a person and the amount of aspiration they are prepared to put into it. Emotional (psychological/interpersonal) adjustment ability to work and cope with the commands of living and working with other people. Employment Legislation: According to Smith and Thomas 2007 research it was noted that Employment law is subjected of as a rapid revolution which could have happened to any authorized subject in this current era, and is absolutely one of the most challenging areas of law which should be kept well informed. Human Resources are getting changed rapidly in this era by Employment legislation. This domain will help you understand what authorized tools exist now; how your business will be affected and on what areas you need to be careful for. These sorts of objects are jotted down in a non confused, understandable way. Employment legislation influences on recruitment and selection: During this era body of legislation or law has developed ruling employer/employee Connections, interactions and the rights of employees and the employers in the organisation. Employment Equality and Regulations are being followed and providing equal opportunities to the UK employers. No candidates or employee will get less favour or treatment on the grounds of sexual orientation, discrimination in the areas of sex, political belief, disability, marital status, race, ethnic origin, nationality, religion or social classes. Following are the Acts which elaborates Employment Legislation deeply. The employment rights Act: Employment Relations Acts of 1999 and 2003 gives the vast range of authorized rights for the employees which mentions, Pay statement and national minimum wage should be declared, the terms and conditions must be set out in writing in order to protect unfair and biased dismissal at work. According to the sex discrimination Act, 1975: Employees must be protected against discrimination on the grounds of gender, for instance: While job advertisements into the market as well as recruiting and selecting employees for jobs, In assisting employees, offering training and career opportunities. There are some exceptional cases in which this Act doesnt apply related to Genuine Occupational Qualifications (GOQs). For example: if a female actress is hired to play female part in the film. The Equal Pay Act of 1970: According to this Act, men and women should receive equal payment for the same work to be done. The Race Relations Act, 1976: Race discrimination is illegal in the same way as the sex discrimination Act. For instance: Advertise for an English waiter to work in an English restaurant. The Disability Discrimination Act, 1995: When a disabled person is treated less favourably by the discriminator it comes under the discrimination Act. The National Minimum Wage Act, 1998: Legally employee must be paid at the minimum wage and this is increased each year in line with the rise in the cost of living. All Employees can work maximum 48 hours per week, and four weekly holidays. Recruitment and Selection Process: The evolution of captivating, attracting, screening, selecting accomplished and qualified people for a job at an organisation, company or a firm is called Recruitment. Some important criteria must be considered while offering job vacancy into the market, which is mentioned below: Vacancy Arises Need to fill position confirmed Consider job Description, job Specification and Selection criteria Prepare for Advertising whether it is internally, locally or both Determine the position of the job holder Prepare information packages Packages shall be approved by Human Resources Confidentiality Application forms Selection committee Responsibilities and duties of Selection committee Developed interview questions Conducting interviews Verifying credentials Rank of applicants Reference checking Selection report Advice to applicants Appeals process Induction Review Above are the main and important factors in recruiting and selection process. Jobs can be advertised through many different ways. Now days it is advertised mostly via news papers, internet, t through TV channels etc. People are getting informed and educated through all this modern techniques. For instance: if I am working in the Banking sector as a Branch Manager and I have to leave, I would advertise via newspapers, internet, and street banners etc. These could be the cheap modes of advertisement. The person who is looking for this job should be capable, got managing and communication skills, confident, experienced, punctual, goal oriented and is able to satisfy his customer utmost. He will be recruited in Head office by Regional Manager and Branch Manager. Duration of the interview may be more than 1 hour. While recruiting he will be observed and take into consideration whether this job is suitable for him or not, because he will have to make some good decisions so that the maximum profit could be generated and is able to give laconic presentation in front of Regional Director, Branch Manager, and Country Manager. If I ask to offer jobs into the market I would recommend this format for hiring employees. VACANCY Branch Manager Positions 05 Job Title Publication: External Industry: Banking Sector Department: General Designation: Branch Manager Location: Romford Degree Title: MBA Career Level: 5 years Experienced, as A Branch Manager Apply by: Sep 20th, 2010 Posted: Aug 21st, 2010 Job Description The applicants for the above posted job should be able to achieve assigned invested targets as well as keep trying to increase investment level. Make some effective policies due to which we are able to make good relation with the customer and try to promote business and generate money. The Selection Criteria: The Branch Manager will be selected on the basis of following criteria: Good effective organisational skills, attention to detail accuracy. Knowledge of the Banking sector, and the good policy maker. Be able to communicate with the staff politely and gently. Good oral and written skills. Capacity to work in a team in international environment. Knowledge of English as a working language. It would be an asset if the candidate has professional and reach to above criteria in order to promote business. They should be devoted, sincere and loyal towards their duties and responsibilities. Good attitude and behaviour plays a very vital role in any organization. If the job holder is focused, expert and motivated good results and outcomes can easily be achieved. Due to this, performance will be better and more chances to win the confidence of the customer. Owing to this, the customer attracts towards you and that is what any organization looks for this in order to build goodwill and make a good reputation into the market and more efficient possible outcomes could be achieved.

3d Printing Essay

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY Contents: 1. Introduction 2. History Of 3D Printing 3. Current 3D Printing Technologies 4. The Basic Process Of 3D Printing 5. 3D Printing VS Conventional Technologies 6. Applications 7. Conclusion Introduction 3Dimensions printing is a method of converting a virtual 3D model into a physical object. 3D printing is a category of rapid prototyping technology. 3D printers typically work by printing successive layers on top of the previous to build up a three dimensional object. The past decade has witnessed the emergence of new manufacturing technologies that build parts on a layer-by-layer basis. Using these technologies, manufacturing time for parts of virtually any complexity is reduced considerably. In other words, it is rapid. Rapid Prototyping Technologies and Rapid Manufacturing offer great potential for producing models and unique parts for manufacturing industry. A few years ago, to get some prototyping work done for a product or design you are working on, you are required to spend a lot of man-hours just to come up with the model. Those hours will be spent creating miniature parts of your design using wood and then gluing all those parts together painstakingly. Prototyping is, at the very least, time-consuming and extremely tedious. These days, however, you can take the tediousness and the time investment out of your prototyping tasks through rapid prototyping or 3d printing. 3D printing is a revolutionary method for creating 3D models with the use of inkjet technology. Many engineers have even dubbed 3D printing as the process of creating something out of nothing. Thus, the reliability of products can be increased; investment of time and money is less risky. Not everything that is thinkable today is already workable or available at a reasonable price, but this technology is fast evolving and  the better the challenges, the better for this developing process. The term Rapid prototyping (RP) refers to a class of technologies that can automatically construct physical models from Computer-Aided Design (CAD) data. It is a free form fabrication technique by which a total object of prescribed shape, dimension and finish can be directly generated from the CAD based geometrical model stored in a computer, with little human intervention. Rapid prototyping is an â€Å"additive† process, combining layers of paper, wax, or plastic to create a solid object. In contrast, most machining processes (milling, drilling, grinding, etc.) are â€Å"subtractive† processes that remove material from a solid block. RP’s additive nature allows it to create objects with complicated internal features that cannot be manufactured by other means. In addition to prototypes, RP techniques can also be used to make tooling (referred to as rapid tooling) and even production-quality parts (rapid manufacturing). For small production runs and complicated objects, rapid prototyping is often the best manufacturing process available. Of course, â€Å"rapid† is a relative term. Most prototypes require from three to seventy-two hours to build, depending on the size and complexity of the object. This may seem slow, but it is much faster than the weeks or months required to make a prototype by traditional means such as machining. These dramatic time savings allow manufacturers to bring products to market faster and more cheaply. 3D PRINTING: MAKING THE DIGITAL REAL Imagine a future in which a device connected to a computer can print a solid object. A future in which we can have tangible goods as well as intangible services delivered to our desktops or highstreet shops over the Internet. And a future in which the everyday â€Å"atomization† of virtual objects into hard reality has turned the mass pre-production and stock-holding of a wide range of goods and spare parts into no more than an historical legacy. Such a future may sound like it is being plucked from the worlds of Star Trek. However, whilst transporter devices that can instantaneously deliver us to remote locations may remain a fantasy, 3D printers capable of outputting physical objects have been in development for over two decades. What’s more, several 3D printers are already on the market. Available from companies including Fortus, 3D Systems, Solid Scape, ZCorp, and Desktop Factory, these amazing devices produce solid, 3D objects from computer data in roughly the  s ame way that 2D printers take our digital images and output hardcopy photos. History Of 3D Printing The technology for printing physical 3D objects from digital data was first developed by Charles Hull in 1984. He named the technique as Stereo lithography and obtained a patent for the technique in 1986.While Stereo lithography systems had become popular by the end of 1980s, other similar technologies such as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) were introduced.In 1993, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) patented another technology, named â€Å"3 Dimensional Printing techniques†, which is similar to the inkjet technology used in 2D Printers.In 1996, three major products, â€Å"Genisys† from Stratasys, â€Å"Actua 2100† from 3D Systems and â€Å"Z402† from Z Corporation were introduced.In 2005, Z Corp. launched a breakthrough product, named Spectrum Z510, whichwas the first high definition color 3D Printer in the market.Another breakthrough in 3D Printing occurred in 2006 with the initiation of an open source project , named Reprap, which was aimed at developing a self-replicating 3D printer. 3. Current 3D Printing Technologies Most commercially available rapid prototyping machines use one of six techniques. At present, trade restrictions severely limit the import/export of rapid prototyping machines, so this guide only covers systems available in the U.S. 3.1 Stereo lithography Patented in 1986, stereolithography started the rapid prototyping revolution. The technique builds three-dimensional models from liquid photosensitive polymers that solidify when exposed to ultraviolet light. As shown in the figure below, the model is built upon a platform situated just below the surface in a vat of liquid epoxy or acrylate resin. A low-power highly focused UV laser traces out the first layer, solidifying the model’s cross section while leaving excess areas liquid. Next, an elevator incrementally lowers the platform into the liquid polymer. A sweeper re-coats the solidified layer with liquid, and the laser traces the second layer atop the first. This process is repeated until the prototype is complete. Afterwards, the solid part is removed from the vat and rinsed clean of excess liquid.  Supports are broken off and the model is then placed in an ultraviolet oven for complete curing. Because it was the first technique, stereolithography is regarded as a bench mark by which other technologies are judged. Early stereolithography prototypes were fairly brittle and prone to curing-induced warpage and distortion, but recent modifications have largely corrected these problems. Fig 2.1:Stereo lithography 3.2 Laminated Object Manufacturing In this technique, developed by Helisys of Torrance, CA, layers of adhesive-coated sheet material are bonded together to form a prototype.. As shown in the figure below. Fig2.2: Schematic diagram of laminated object manufacturing. A feeder/collector mechanism advances the sheet over the build platform, where a base has been constructed from paper and double-sided foam tape. Next, a heated roller applies pressure to bond the paper to the base. A focused laser cuts the outline of the first layer into the paper and then cross-hatches the excess area (the negative space in the prototype). Cross-hatching breaks up the extra material, making it easier to remove during post-processing. During the build, the excess material provides excellent support for overhangs and thin-walled sections. After the first layer is cut, the platform lowers out of the way and fresh material is advanced. The platform rises to slightly below the previous height, the roller bonds the second layer to the first, and the laser cuts the second layer. This process is repeated as needed to build the part, which will have a wood-like texture. Because the models are made of paper, they m ust be sealed and finished with paint or varnish to prevent moisture damage. Helisys developed several new sheet materials, including plastic, water-repellent paper, and ceramic and metal powder tapes. The powder tapes produce a â€Å"green† part that must be sintered for maximum strength. As of 2001, Helisys is no longer in business. 3.3 Selective Laser Sintering Developed by Carl Deckard for his master’s thesis at the University of Texas, selective laser sintering was patented in 1989. The technique, shown in Fig,  uses a laser beam to selectively fuse powdered materials, such as nylon, elastomer, and metal, into a solid object. Parts are built upon a platform which sits just below the surface in a bin of the heat-fusable powder. A laser traces the pattern of the first layer, sintering it together. The platform is lowered by the height of the next layer and powder is reapplied. This process continues until the part is complete. Excess powder in each layer helps to support the part during the build. SLS machines are produced by DTM of Austin, TX. Fig 2.3: Schematic diagram of selective laser sintering. 3.4 Fused Deposition Modeling In this technique, filaments of heated thermoplastic are extruded from a tip that moves in the x-y plane. Like a baker decorating a cake, the controlled extrusion head deposits very thin beads of material onto the build platform to form the first layer. Fig2.4: schematic diagram of fused deposition modeling. The platform is maintained at a lower temperature, so that the thermoplastic quickly hardens. After the platform lowers, the extrusion head deposits a second layer upon the first. Supports are built along the way, fastened to the part either with a second, weaker material or with a perforated junction. 3.5 Solid Ground Curing Developed by Cubital, solid ground curing (SGC) is somewhat similar to stereolithography (SLA) in that both use ultraviolet light to selectively harden photosensitive polymers. Unlike SLA, SGC cures an entire layer at a time. Figure 5 depicts solid ground curing, which is also known as the solider process. First, photosensitive resin is sprayed on the build platform. Next, the machine develops a photomask (like a stencil) of the layer to be built. This photomask is printed on a glass plate above the build platform using an electrostatic process similar to that found in photocopiers. The mask is then exposed to UV light, which only passes through the transparent portions of the mask to selectively harden the shape of the current layer. Fig 2.5: Schematic diagram of solid ground curing. After the layer is cured, the machine vacuums up the excess liquid resin and sprays wax in its place to support the model during the build. The top surface is milled flat, and then the process repeats to build the next layer. When the part is complete, it must be de-waxed by immersing it in a solvent bath. SGC machines are distributed in the U.S. by Cubital America Inc. of Troy, MI. The machines are quite big and can produce large models. 3.6 3D Printing Ink-Jet Printing refers to an entire class of machines that employ ink-jet technology. The first was 3D Printing (3DP), developed at MIT and licensed to Soligen Corporation, Extrude Hone, and others. The ZCorp 3D printer, produced by Z Corporation of Burlington, MA is an example of this technology. As shown in Figure 6a, parts are built upon a platform situated in a bin full of powder material. An ink-jet printing head selectively deposits or â€Å"prints† a binder fluid to fuse the powder together in the desired areas. Unbound powder remains to support the part. The platform is lowered, more powder added and leveled, and the process repeated. When finished, the green part is then removed from the unbound powder, and excess unbound powder is blown off. Finished parts can be infiltrated with wax, CA glue, or other sealants to improve durability and surface finish. Typical layer thicknesses are on the order of 0.1 mm. This process is very fast, and produces parts with a slightly grainy surface. ZCorp uses two different materials, a starch based powder (not as strong, but can be burned out, for investment casting applications) and a ceramic powder. Machines with 4 color printing capability are available. 3D Systems’ version of the ink-jet based system is called the Thermo-Jet or Multi-Jet Printer. It uses a linear array of print heads to rapidly produce thermoplastic models (Figure 6d). If the part is narrow enough, the print head can deposit an entire layer in one pass. Otherwise, the head makes several passes. Sanders Prototype of Wilton, NH uses a different ink-jet technique in its Model Maker line of concept modelers. The machines use two ink-jets (see Figure 6c). One dispenses low-melt thermoplastic to make the model, while the other prints wax to form supports. After each layer, a cutting tool mills the top surface to uniform height. This yields extremely good accuracy, allowing the machines to be used in the jewelry industry. Ballistic particl e manufacturing, depicted in  Figure 6b, was developed by BPM Inc., which has since gone out of business. Fig 2.6: Schematic diagrams of ink-jet techniques. 4. The Basic Process of 3D Printing Although several rapid prototyping techniques exist, all employ the same basic five-step process. The steps are: 1. Create a CAD model of the design 2. Convert the CAD model to STL format 3. Slice the STL file into thin cross-sectional layers 4. Construct the model one layer atop another 5. Clean and finish the model CAD Model Creation: First, the object to be built is modeled using a Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software package. Solid modelers, such as Pro/ENGINEER, tend to represent 3-D objects more accurately than wire-frame modelers such as AutoCAD, and will therefore yield better results. The designer can use a pre-existing CAD file or may wish to create one expressly for prototyping purposes. This process is identical for all of the RP build techniques. Conversion to STL Format: The various CAD packages use a number of different algorithms to represent solid objects. To establish consistency, the STL (stereolithography, the first RP technique) format has been adopted as the standard of the rapid prototyping industry. The second step, therefore, is to convert the CAD file into STL format. This format represents a three-dimensional surface as an assembly of planar triangles, â€Å"like the facets of a cut jewel.† 6 The file contains the coordinates of the vertices and the direction of the outward normal of each triangle. Because STL files use planar elements, they cannot represent curved surfaces exactly. Increasing the number of triangles improves the approximation, but at the cost of bigger file size. Large, complicated files require more time to pre-process and build, so the designer must balance accuracy with manageability to produce a useful STL file. Since the STL format is universal, this process is identical for all of the RP build techniques. Slice the STL File: In the third step, a pre-processing program prepares the STL file to be built. Several programs are available, and most allow the user to adjust the size, location and orientation of the model. Build orientation is important for several reasons. First, properties of rapid prototypes vary from one coordinate direction to another. For example,  prototypes are usually weaker and less accurate in the z (vertical) direction than in the x-y plane. In addition, part orientation partially determines th e amount of time required to build the model. Placing the shortest dimension in the z direction reduces the number of layers, thereby shortening build time. The pre-processing software slices the STL model into a number of layers from 0.01 mm to 0.7 mm thick, depending on the build technique. The program may also generate an auxiliary structure to support the model during the build. Supports are useful for delicate features such as overhangs, internal cavities, and thin-walled sections. Each RP machine manufacturer supplies their own proprietary pre-processing software. Layer by Layer Construction: The fourth step is the actual construction of the part. Using one of several techniques (described in the next section) RP machines build one layer at a time from polymers, paper, or powdered metal. Most machines are fairly autonomous, needing little human intervention. Fig 3.2 Layer by Layer Construction Clean and Finish: The final step is post-processing. This involves removing the prototype from the machine and detaching any supports. Some photosensitive materials need to be fully cured before use. Prototypes may also require minor cleaning and surface treatment. Sanding, sealing, and/or painting the model will improve its appearance and durability. 3D printing VS Conventional Technologies 3DP does not—and will not—replace completely conventional technologies such NC and high-speed milling, or even hand-made parts. Rather, one should regard 3DP as one more option in the toolkit for manufacturing parts. Figure depicts a rough comparison between 3DP and milling regarding the costs and time of manufacturing one part as a function of part complexity10. It is assumed, evidently, that the part can be manufactured by either technology such that the material and tolerance requirements are met. Fig5.1: 3DP vs. conventional machining Application of 3D printers The concept of custom manufacturing is exciting to nearly everyone, but it always seems to be something that will happen in the â€Å"future†. Gibson was right and the following list of applications for 3D printers show the truth in the saying â€Å"The future is here. It’s just not evenly distributed yet.† The following items are all available for purchase or are being used in industry now. We are still a long way from Replicators like the ones from Star Trek: The Next Generation, but we probably won’t have to wait til the 24th century either. 1. Art 3D printing allows artists to create objects that would be incredibly difficult, costly, or time intensive using traditional processes. These sculptures by Bathsheba Grossman are exquisitely complex and manufactured using a laser sintering process. 2. Action Figures Blood Elves and band mates can both be brought to life using 3D printers. These two were created using Zcorp. machines which apply glue ink and powder in fine layers slowly creating a replica of one of your characters. Figure Prints allows you to create characters from Warcraft, Rock band and Spore printing services are coming soon. A number of other sites allow you to pull data from Second Life and your own 3D programs. 3. Jewelry Jewelry makers were some of the first to use 3D printing in their manufacturing process, however they do not use metal printers, but rather ones that use wax. In a process called â€Å"investment casting† a piece of jewelry is sculpted or printed out of wax. Plaster is then poured on either side. Molten metal is poured onto the wax which melts out leaving a metal version of your wax sculpt in its place in the plaster. This piece is then finished and polished by a jeweler. Many independent jewelers have been using high tech printers in their businesses and an innovative company called Paragon Lake has combined this process with web based design tools to offer an infinite inventory to the masses of jewelry stores. 4. Hearing Aids 3D printers can also make things more functional. In the case of hearing aids  a cast of your ear canal is made. The casting is digitized using a 3D scanner and a perfect replica of your ear is printed from that ensuring a great fit and improving the quality. 5. Prototypes Prototyping in product development is currently the biggest use of 3D printing technology. These machines allow designers and engineers to test out ideas for dimensional products cheaply before committing to expensive tooling and manufacturing processes. 6. Home Decor Home goods are structurally simple but endlessly decorative and are perfect matches for 3D printing. This service, called â€Å"Shapeways Creator† allows you to create products like this lamp with any selection of words that have relevance to you (wedding vows, a favorite poem, etc.). Another company called JuJups allows you to make a customized picture frame using intelligent design tools and a zCorp printer. 7. Models Sales folks lives get much easier when you can have models like this of your product printed up for show and tell. 8. Components/Manufacturing Many of the examples so far are somewhat gimmicky or decorative, However in some industries 3D printing is displacing traditional manufacturing entirely. In the left hand picture a surgical knee replacement implant has been designed and manufactured to fit a patient’s joint perfectly. On the right, high tolerance engine parts were printed using a process called â€Å"Electron Beam Melting† and finished with traditional machining processes. While not the norm these uses begin to suggest what is possible in medicine and industry. 9. Medicine 3D World of Warcraft characters are cool, but these tools have the power to help save lives. Surgeons are using 3d printers to print body parts for reference before complicated surgeries. Other 3D printers are used to create bone grafts for patients who have suffered traumatic injuries. Looking further in the future scientist are working on PRINTING replacement organs. Personal Fabrication indeed! 3D Printing Essay 3D Printing Today and Tomorrow I chose to do my research paper on 3D printing, were we are today and what the future looks like. While researching this project I learned that 3D printing has been around since the 80’s, and that it is also known as additive manufacturing. I chose this topic for a few reasons; first off this is a topic that has interested me fo a while now and I enjoy learning more about it. I believe this technology is going to have a huge impact on our future, like the computer, and the internet it will change the way we do things. I like that its impact is not limited to one area. I highlight in my project seven different areas that 3D printing is already being used and is reshaping those industries. One of these industries is architecture, construction, and engineering. Architects are using 3D printing to save time when putting together their scale models. In the future there will be no limitations to their designs; the reason for this being that construction companies are now experimenting with 3D printing to build parts of buildings. They have started to print using concrete and have been able to print up some wild angles and designs. These were difficult to pull off before because it was hard to make the form to pour the concrete. In the future architects and project managers will be able to work together and print sections of a building in one location, then move and assemble on sight. Just like architects, engineers are using 3D printing to print up scale models of their designs. With the advances in this technology they are able to print these items with moving and working parts. Another one of these industries is the automotive and aerospace industry. In the automotive industry, designers will be able to print up models. Auto makers have also been able to print parts, and have successfully printed a whole working car. In the future 3D printers will be more common in the average home, because of this consumers will be able to go online and print  up certain types of replacement parts. This will be nice especially when it comes to hard to find or dealer only parts. The same will go for the aerospace industry as far as being able to print models, and replacement parts. NASA will be launching a mission soon were they will be sending a 3D printer in to space, and they will test printing in zero gravity. If they are successful this will mean that they can put a 3D printer on their shuttles and print parts in space. This will cut down on the weight in the shuttles when they launch but still allow them to print supplies while in space. The Military is using this technology the same way. They have started testing 3D printing while in the field. Just like the aerospace industry, the ability to print in the field will cut down on the amount of supplies they have to carry. It will also give them the ability to print and repair vehicles and machinery while out in the field. There are a few problems when it comes to this industry, the main one being weapons. Fully functional guns have been printed, they have done this using materials other than metal. The government and DOD has made it illegal for anyone to print guns, and they have ordered all open source instructions to be removed from the internet. However officials fear that the problem will be that just like music, movies, programs, and other online files that are shared it will not keep these plans out of the hands of people who really want to get them. An exciting industry that this technology is changing is the medical and dental field. Dentist are already using this tech to print dentures using x-rays and scans to perfectly match the patience. In the medical field they have successfully printed bone fragments, more specifically part of a skull and a human jaw bone. Doctors have used these items in patents. In China they have developed a printer that uses human cells. This was made with the intent to one day print human replacement organs. The thought behind this is they would be able to print an organ using your DNA, therefore your body would not reject it, and you would not have to wait as long for a transplant. Doctors have successfully printed a working heart valve, and they expect the FDA to approve usage of these within the next year. The current method is to use heart valves from pigs, and those only have a 3year  lifespan, again by using your cells and DNA to make these parts your body will accept them and they will last longer. I was surprised to hear that this tech is being used in the fashion industry. Designers are using this to print wild looking clothes, shoes, head ware, and jewelry. As printers become more common in our households we will be able to do the same. Imagine being able to go online to a designers web site or even designing your own clothes and printing them up at home. The other nice thing would be the ability to print clothing and accessories that are a custom fit to you. I read an article were a history teacher in Europe used 3D printing to print replicas of ancient Egyptian artifacts so that he could give his class a more hands on approach to learning. I thought how awesome the possibilities will be for education, they will be able to use it for everything from printing supplies to doing what this teacher did and giving students the ability to observe items that we normally would not be able to touch. This would also open up learning opportunities to teach people how to design and use this technology. The opportunities will be endless, especially for the trade schools that deal with architecture, engineering, automotive, art & design, culinary, and many more. The culinary industry was another industry I was surprised to find this tech, however it does make sense. 3D printing is being used now to make elaborate food designs using semi liquids like chocolate and cheese. They are also able to design and print molds for gelatins, and cakes. Just like in the medical field scientist hope to be able to use bio printers to print food like meats, fruits, and veggies. I am not sure how ready we are to eat 3D printed food, but who knows in the future this may become the norm. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing http://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20131031142926-48342529-the-future-of-3d-printing http://www.explainingthefuture.com/3dprinting.html http://techcrunch.com/2013/10/02/gartner-3d-printer-market-forecast/

Sample Letter Business Communication

American Southern Airline 1804 Freeland Street East Warf, WA 97458 November 20, 2012 Mrs. Leticia Tomlinson 1952 Kanako Lane Mount Vernon, WA 98273 Dear Mrs. Tomlinson: At American Southern Airline, we take pride in exceptional customer services. Not only is our staff regularly trained but also highly motivated to ensure comfort and convenience for our customers. Giving such importance to our customers is what differentiates us from other airlines operating in the country.Over the years, your feedback and our experience has indicated the need for a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for our flight teams. This allows our employees and customers to be well aware of our procedures and helps us consistently deliver the promise of superior service to you. At the heart of our SOP is proactive communication, which reflects through guiding our customers step-by-step from ticketing to safe landing at their destination.Most of customers travelling between Atlanta and Seattle take connecting fl ights to other destinations, Chicago O’Hare being the most suited switch stop for them. It also gives us an opportunity to clean up the cabins so that that the incoming passengers feel at home. For this reason, we always make an announcement advising the passengers to carry all their belongings with them while departing the aero plane. Despite all the measures to ensure your convenience, it is unfortunate for us for not being able to recover the loss of your prescription glasses.We assure you that we will continue searching and if we find it, we will have one of our team members deliver it at your doorstep. Taking this opportunity, we would like to tell you how much we value your choice to travel with us. As a token of gratitude, we would like to extend a special travel voucher valid for any destination up to 4,000 miles. We hope that you will continue to enjoy the same luxury we guarantee you every time. If I can be of any help, you may contact me directly at +91-566-8663456 . Sincerely, Usama Rafi Manager, Customer Services

Charles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution - 1737 Words

The theory of evolution is one of the great intellectual revolutions of human history, drastically changing our perception of the world and of our place in it. Charles Darwin put forth a coherent theory of evolution and amassed a great body of evidence in support of this theory. In Darwin s time, most scientists fully believed that each organism and each adaptation was the work of the creator. Linneaus established the system of biological classification that we use today, and did so in the spirit of cataloguing God s creations. In other words, all of the similarities and dissimilarities among groups of organisms that are the result of the branching process creating the great tree of life (see Figure 1), were viewed by early 19th century philosophers and scientists as a consequence of omnipotent design. Figure 1: A phylogenetic tree of life constructed by computer analysis of cyochrome c molecules in the organisms shown; there are as many different trees of life as there are methods of analysis for constructing them. However, by the 19th Century, a number of natural historians were beginning to think of evolutionary change as an explanation for patterns observed in nature. The following ideas were part of the intellectual climate of Darwin s time. No one knew how old the earth was, but geologists were beginning to make estimates that the earth was considerably older than explained by biblical creation. Geologists were learning more aboutstrata, or layers formed byShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Robert Darwin was a British man who became one of the greatest contributors to the study of evolution. He was a naturalist who was able to develop a theory of evolution based on biological changes that he witnessed occurring in varieties of samples on his travels all around the world. Charles Darwin is valuable in science history, simply because he was the first geologists who had come the closest for closing the gap on how and why biological changes occurred. The naturalist and geologistRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution801 Words   |  4 PagesThe theory of Evolution is one of the greatest intellectual revolutions of human history. It can drastically change our perception of the world and our place in it. Charles Darwin created a coherent theory of evolution and amassed a great body of evidence in support of this theory. During this time, most scientists fully believed that each organism and adaptation was the work of the creator. A fellow scientist Carl Linnaeus created a system of classifications that we still use today. Charles RobertRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory On Evolution Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagesand how did life start, along with the creation of the universe and Earth? Charles Darwin’s theory on evolution, which is called natural selection, is based on the idea of species naturally adapting to their surrounding environment to better the species chances for survival. Creationism, on the other hand, is the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation. Both are theories on life, and how such life came to be thing we all know. It is not the strongestRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1750 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Darwin is remembered for his theory of evolution. Much controversy surrounds Darwin s theory. Questions abound. Is evolution a four billion year old process, creating life forms primarily at random but each shaped by an ever-changing and complex environment, that has resulted in all of the wondrous life forms that surround us? Or are all of those beautiful elements of our nature, along with the vastness and majesty of the entire universe, a creation of an intellect of vast intelligence andRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1055 Words   |  5 Pages Charles Darwin was an English naturalist and geologist, he was known greater for his contributions for the evolution theory. Darwin wrote a book in 1859 it was published and became the greatest and well known book. The name of the book was â€Å"On the Origin of Species†. In the book he wrote about his theory of evolution by natural selection, he discovered how the process of how organisms change as time goes on. Changes in traits and the organism’s physical behavior. Darwin believe change happensRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution951 Words   |  4 Pagesmore vigorously than in America’s public school science classrooms. Of particular concern for school administrators and the educators whom they supervise, are the repeated efforts of Christian fundamentalists to replace the teaching of Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection with Biblical Creationism. During the past ninety years, many legal cases have further defined the bo undary of that wall of separation. In response, the methods employed by the proponents of Biblical CreationismRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1957 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscusses the theory of evolution in detail. Topics this paper will address include defining the theory of evolution and explaining how the theory has evolved over time, as well as highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the theory and examining how effective the theory is in today’s world. I. Description of the theory The theory of evolution sets forth an explanation of how all of the living species on Earth came to be. The theory as we know it today, written by Charles Darwin, states thatRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution2319 Words   |  10 PagesCharles Darwin is commonly known for writing On the Origin of Species, published in 1859. Based on his findings, Darwin concluded to â€Å"the theory of evolution, [by which] is the process of which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable or behavioral traits† (Than, 2015). Certain changes that occurred in the organism s’ environment allowed it to evolve, survive, and produce offspring with those developed traits. He recorded his findings while aboard the second voyage of H.M.SRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution Essay2312 Words   |  10 Pages Darwin and his Followers Charles Darwin is one of the most well known names in the United States for good reason. His theory of evolution through natural selection was not only revolutionary in the scientific world, but were also applied to society by some of his followers in this country. Some of these applications were beneficial to society while others simply allowed people to use his teachings for their own goals. While not apparent at first, Darwin does believe in a meaning in life similarRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1714 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Survival of the fittest† is one of the greatest concepts discussed by Charles Darwin (who is known as the father of evolution) and which has also affected many species throughout the world over the years, including us! As presented in his theory of evolution, Charles Darwin explains how those with advantageous traits will be able to better survive than their fellow counterparts. In other words, organisms with traits best suited for their environment will have higher chances of surviving than those